China larang berpuasa

Pihak berkuasa menyekat kebebasan bersuara penduduk
Islam Uighur menyebabkan mereka mengadakan protes

BEIJING - CHINA. China melarang kakitangan awam, guru dan pelajar di wilayah Xinjiang berpuasa, menurut laman web kerajaan, semalam.

Beberapa jabatan kerajaan turut memuat naik notis terbabit sejak bermulanya Ramadan akhir minggu lalu.

Stesen radio Bozhou dan University TV menyatakan mereka akan menguatkuasakan larangan tersebut dalam kalangan anggota parti, guru dan golongan remaja di wilayah bergolak tersebut.

Dalam satu kenyataan, jurucakap Kongres Dunia Uighur, Dilxat Raxit menyelar tindakan itu sebagai menyekat kebebasan beragama.

"Larangan menyekat orang Islam melaksanakan Rukun Islam itu hanya akan mencetuskan lebih banyak konflik di Xinjiang.

"Kami menggesa kerajaan menghentikan penindasan seumpama ini terutamanya ketika Ramadan," tegasnya.

Memetik laporan AFP, sejak beberapa tahun lalu, kerajaan pimpinan Parti Komunis mengenakan larangan berpuasa di Xinjiang yang didiami etnik minoriti Uighur.


Sumber - Sinar Harian


China Bans Ramadan Fast in Muslim Northwest

Students and civil servants in China's Muslim northwest, where Beijing is enforcing a security crackdown following deadly unrest, have been ordered to avoid taking part in traditional fasting during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.

Statements posted in the past several days on websites of schools, government agencies and local party organizations in the Xinjiang region said the ban was aimed at protecting students' wellbeing and preventing use of schools and government offices to promote religion. Statements on the websites of local party organizations said members of the officially atheist ruling party also should avoid fasting.

"No teacher can participate in religious activities, instill religious thoughts in students or coerce students into religious activities," said a statement on the website of the No. 3 Grade School in Ruoqiang County in Xinjiang.

Similar bans have been imposed in the past on fasting for Ramadan, which began at sundown Saturday. But this year is unusually sensitive because Xinjiang is under tight security following attacks that the government blames on Muslim extremists with foreign terrorist ties.

Violence has escalated in recent years in Xinjiang. The ruling party blames violent extremists that it says want independence, while members of the region's Uighur ethnic group complain that discrimination and restrictions on religion, such as a ban on taking children to mosques, are fueling anger at the ethnic Han Chinese majority.

An attack on May 22 in the regional capital of Urumqi by four people who threw bombs in a vegetable market killed 43 people, including the attackers. On June 22, police in Kashgar in the far west said they killed 13 assailants who drove into a police building and set off explosives, injuring three officers. Authorities have blamed two other attacks at train stations in Urumqi and in China's southwest on Muslim extremists.

The government responded with a crackdown that resulted in more than 380 arrests in one month and public rallies to announce sentences.

The ruling party is wary of religious activities it worries might serve as a rallying point for opposition to one-party rule. Controls on worship are especially sensitive in Xinjiang and in neighboring Tibet, where religious faith plays a large role in local cultures.

On Tuesday, authorities in some communities in Xinjiang held celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party and served food to test whether Muslim guests were fasting, according to Dilxat Raxit, spokesman in Germany for the rights group World Uyghur Congress.

"This will lead to more conflicts if China uses coercive measures to rule and to challenge Uighur beliefs," said Dilxat Raxit in an email.

The ruling party says religion and education should be kept separate and students should not be subject to religious influences. That rule is rarely enforced for children of Han Chinese, who, if they have a religion, are mostly Buddhist, Daoist or Christian.

"Students shall not participate in religious activities; they shall not study scripts or read poems at script and choir classes; they shall not wear any religious emblems; and no parent or others can force students to have religious beliefs or partake in religious activities," said the statement on the website of the grade school in Ruoqiang County.

A news portal run by the government of Yili in the northern reaches of Xinjiang said fasting is detrimental to the physical wellbeing of young students, who should eat regularly.

In the city of Bole, retired teachers from the Wutubulage Middle School were called in to stand guard at mosques and prevent students from entering, according to a statement on the municipal party committee website.

Also in Bole, the Bozhou University of Radio and Television said on its website it held a meeting with working and retired minority teachers on the first day of the Ramadan to remind them of the fasting ban.

The forestry bureau in Xinjiang's Zhaosu county held an event the day before Ramadan at which party cadres signed a pledge they and their relatives would "firmly resist fasting," according to a statement on the website of the local party committee.

The Moyu Weather Bureau in the Hotan area said on its website that Muslim employees, both active and retired, were required to sign a letter promising not to fast.

The commercial bureau for Turpan, an oasis town in the Taklamakan Desert, said in a statement that civil servants are "strictly forbidden" to fast or perform the Salat prayer ritual in a mosque.


Sumber - ABC News

One autism case filed every week

Rachel Thien
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN

THE Child Development Centre records one new case of autism among children aged two and above every week, said its community paediatrician.

Dr Hj Saquib Jalees said the centre had diagnosed 340 individuals with autism in 2012, but the number increased by 105 within two years.

One in every 1,000 individuals are autistic based on the sultanate’s population, he told The Brunei Times.

“This is the current prevalence and this is alarming. These do not even include other disabilities referred to CDC,” he said.

Up until April 2014, the centre has 445 registered autistic patients. Out of that number, 353 are males.

Dr Hj Saquib said there are over 4,000 cases of children with special needs nationwide, with more than 3,000 active cases.

“This means they are still coming for follow-ups, assessments and therapy. The patients are more of males, whether it is autism or learning disabilities,” he said.


What is autism?

According to Dr Hj Saquib, autism is the impairment of social and communication skills with inflexible behaviour.

He said there is no test for autism. “It all lies on clinical judgement and assessment from the CDC doctors and therapists. This is governed by how much experience and education they have in the field”.

Autism is a broad spectrum disorder, and in untrained eyes, many will see it as normal, he explained.

Dr Hj Saquib said even though no one is able to pinpoint what causes autism (nature or nurture), one thing they know is that some individuals are born with certain genetic make-up, which is triggered by the environment.

This means it could be through genes and the environment interaction, he said.

“However, no one has the answer yet. One thing for sure is that if it is genetic, the child’s environment is what will cause him to act out. If the affected gene is not there, whatever environment the child has around him will still encourage him to talk and socialise,” he added.


Watch out for the red flags

Dr Hj Saquib said in nations like the US, autism awareness in some states are good, and primary healthcare doctors do a screening test in children if they notice any red flags before two years of age.

He said there are red flags for parents to look out for when their child is around 18 months old. The red flags include:

• If the child is not babbling at eight or nine months;
• If the child does not respond, has not much eye contact and is very aloof by the time he turns one;
• Speech delay (which is the main reason they receive referrals)

The community paediatrician said children with autism do not play with store-bought toys. They generally play with objects, whether it is a pencil, spoon or beads, he said.

If they play with toys or objects, they will place them and arrange them in lines, he added.

“Their behaviour is not flexible and will throw tantrums when disturbed. So if parents notice their child is sitting in one corner and is not bothered about disturbing people around him, then something is not right,” he said, adding a child should always be interactive and not be in their own world.

Dr Hj Saquib said anyone can refer a child to the CDC. The best thing is for parents visit their general practitioner and get a referral if they noticed any of the red flags.


Late intervention

The community paediatrician said late intervention will not be effective. “The outcome will be limited when you start therapy late. The earlier, the better and that depends on CDC and parents.

“It all depends on parents’ awareness on autism to determine how early they can detect it in their child,” Dr Hj Saquib added.

He said when parents are in denial and later realise their child is autistic and brings them for intervention, it may be a little too late.

“Before the child goes to school at the age of five, you need to sort out his needs such as being toilet-trained, social interaction and speech,” he said.

Dr Hj Saquib said some parents are not comfortable labelling their child, while some want to categorise their child to receive benefits.

“If the child is registered and labelled autistic, then every year, he or she will be able to receive $1,000 as kurnia from His Majesty. In addition, after the age of 15, he or she can receive $250 as allowance from the social welfare disability fund for the rest of his or her life,” he said.


Message to parents

Dr Hj Saquib said parents should look out for signs and symptoms of autism, and also always make time for their children.

“Do not allow them to play with gadgets all the time. The gadgets do not help the children learn much. If you give them proper toys, they will feel it, and can acquire skills because it is three-dimensional.

“For example, if they hold an apple, they will know what it is because they can see, touch, smell and taste it. The same apple shown in an iPad will not demonstrate the same results. The child may know it is an apple only from its colour and shape,” he said.

He urged parents to interact with their autistic child whenever they are at home.

“Communicate with them nicely. When you involve them, it breaks their aloofness,” he said.

Dr Hj Saquib said if parents suspect their child has problems in speech or social interaction, they should seek help and also improve their child’s social environment.


Refer your child to the CDC

Dr Hj Saquib said it is best to refer a child with autism symptoms to the centre for assessment and diagnosis.

He said most of their autism referrals are aged two years and above, but they generally limit treating them at the age of 15 or 16.

“Currently, we are working on manpower and resources to support the increasing figures. We have the team to provide the assessment and diagnosis, but we are working on resources to increase post-diagnosis therapy and intervention,” he added.


Sumber - The Brunei Times

An Arms Race Explodes in Asia-Pacific

China leads the expansion although the US remains by far the biggest spender

The Asia-Pacific region is now well and truly in an arms race like no other.  China alone is said to have quadrupled its military spending since 2000. Indeed, in 2013 Asian countries spent a combined US$322 billion on military budgets compared to US$262 billion in 2010.

Despite global military spending falling in 2013 by 1.9 percent in real terms, Asian expenditures have continued to rise. Indeed, a report from that year by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has argued that while military spending has fallen in the West, it has continued to increase in every other region.

SIPRI noted that expenditure in Asia and Oceania rose by 3.6 percent in 2013, to US$407 billion. Indeed, Asia and Oceania is the only region where spending has increased every year since 1988.

SIPRI claims that the on-going arms race is linked to Asia’s relative decline in US priorities since 2001 due to its being stuck in the Middle Eastern quagmire. This meant that allies like South Korea and Japan have had to step their arms buys up, especially in light of perceived Chinese expansionism.

This is no chimera: Chinese military purchases and expenditures have increased by 170 percent since 2010 alone. This puts it second only to the US, whose USD640 billion splurge in 2013 was still more than the next 10 countries in the world put together and who still accounts for 37 percent of total global arms spending.

Military spending also rose by as much as 5.0 percent in Southeast Asia. The top splurges here were by Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Philippine military spending alone rose by 17 percent in 2013, although from an extremely low base since dfense purchases have been ignored by Manila..

Asian countries, to be sure, are packing a lot of heat now.

China has recently floated its own aircraft carrier, the Liaoning and there are plans for at least two more by 2020. Its fifth-generation Shenyang J-15 jets can fly off these carriers.

Japan—with premier Shinzo Abe planning to re-write its post-WWII pacifist constitution—plans to boost its navy with two Aegis-equipped destroyers, five submarines, 52 amphibious vehicles and 28 F-35 fighter jets.

At the same time, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan are also considering upgrading their aging F-16 fleets with the F-35s. fleet of F-16s and Singapore is in the throes of deciding whether to buy into the F-35 program. The Singapore air combat fleet dwarfs those of its neighbors, Malaysia and Indonesia, including 24 Boeing F-15SGs, 20 Lockheed Martin F-16Cs and 40 F-16Ds, as well as 28 Northrop F-5S and nine F-5T Tiger Iis for an island 27 miles long.

The fact that Asian countries are now boosting their arsenals is worrying given the geopolitical tensions simmering beneath the veneer of peace and stability in the region.

As was the case 100 years ago in 1914, when the European powers stumbled into a conflict that would take the lives of 16 million people and leave 20 million wounded, overlapping territorial claims and long-standing ethno-nationalist rivalries are ratcheting up tensions, especially on a people-to-people basis.

The focal points of these overlapping claims are the South China Sea, where Beijing has chosen to establish its “nine-dash line” almost to the doorsteps of its North Asian and Southeast Asian neighbors. This of course is above and beyond existing conflicts over the Spratlys and Paracel islets, the Daiyo/Senkaku islands and the Dodko/Takeshima islets.

There have been plenty of individual confrontations over the past few months that could have exploded into full-scale conflicts. The recent spate of raucous demonstrations in Vietnam following China’s ill-advised dispatch of an oil rig to a hotly-disputed part of the South China Sea highlight the passions involved.  The demonstrations left two dead, more than 100 injured, and China scrambling to evacuate its 3,000 nationals there.

Elsewhere, Japanese and Chinese jet fighters have come perilously close to dogfights over the Senkaku/Daioyu chain on an almost daily basis. There has been further tension in the South China Sea, with repeated face-offs between China and a far weaker Philippines, who nevertheless has the US Seventh Fleet looming over its shoulder.

Could Asia be headed for another Great War? Could an unexpected event, in combination with historic tensions as well as interlocking alliances bring the whole region and elsewhere into a state of conflict? It’s not as far-fetched as one might think. This of course is not the first—and will not be the last—comparison between WWI and current events in Asia.


Sumber - Asia Sentinel

Asean Lawmakers Blast Human Rights Commission

Commission, they say, has failed to bring any improvement whatsoever for basic rights

A group of Southeast Asian lawmakers has issued a blistering statement saying the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ human rights commission has failed to bring any discernible improvement to or provide any protection for basic rights since its inception in 2009 and must be radically changed to strengthen its independence.

The human rights commission is holding a two-day session in Bangkok with civil society groups and other stakeholders regarding a review of its terms of reference on its terms of reference. The consultations are take placing against the backdrop of a coup by the Thai military that resulted in the temporary jailing of more than 300 people on both sides of Thailand’s badly split society as well drastic curtailment of press freedoms, intimidation of the international press and threats against freedom of expression.

Since its inception as a loosely knit talking shop in 1967, Asean has never sought to go after any of its members on their approach to human rights. Indeed, when Myanmar came into Asean in 1997, it was one of the most repressive dictatorships on the planet. The members have sought to unify the region under what was called a “the Asean Way” based on “non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalization, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation.” While Myanmar has been a notable success in turning towards democracy, other members such as Cambodia and Vietnam remain unrepentantly dictatorial.

Thus as it has in a long string of Thai coups, Asean chose not to comment on the current crackdown Thailand. The closest it has come to any statement at all relating to Thai politics was last December in the middle of continuing turmoil when the organization issued a statement on calling “on all parties concerned to resolve the current situation through dialogue and consultations in a peaceful and democratic manner.”

The human rights commission is “still very, very far from a properly functioning regional human rights mechanism,” said Asean Parliamentarians for Human Rights President Eva Kusuma Sundari in a prepared release. But, she said, if the intergovernmental commission on human rights “is to bring us any closer to the concept of collective responsibility and collective prosperity, then it has to be given the mandate to act, and be independent from national governmental interference: its representatives must represent the people of Southeast Asia, not the governments.”

The parliamentarians group is not an official Asean organization. It is instead a membership-based organization of like-minded elected parliamentarians and ‘influential persons’ from member countries throughout the region.

“We, as elected parliamentarians, believe that human rights only have meaning if people are able to exercise them,” according to their press release. “However, we also would like to state our disappointment with the approach to the position of some of the representatives over this same period. Some appear to have seen their role as primarily that of defending and deflecting possible human rights concerns away from their member countries, rather than that of upholding and furthering the protection of human rights across the region, irrespective of where violations take place and who the victims or perpetrators are.”

“We are extremely concerned that it is becoming more and more difficult and dangerous for our constituents to perform their work in defending the human rights of fellow citizens in the Asean region,” the parliamentarians said. “Many human rights defenders risk their lives to battle against injustices, often committed by officers of the state, as well as representatives of private companies and non-state armed groups among others. This situation is worsened with the lack of sufficient human rights protections in some countries, and to date the human rights commission has not offered any further protection at the regional level for these human rights defenders and victims of human rights violations.”

The lack of redress for human rights violations both at the national and regional levels is “both symptomatic of and a contributing factor to the widespread problem of impunity in ASEAN: without addressing these fundamental concerns for regional respect for and protection of human rights, the process of building an ASEAN Community is rendered more or less meaningless,” the parliamentarians said.

They requested an emergency protection mechanism for human rights, such as a precautionary measures mechanism to give citizens have direct communication with the system, such as appointment of special rapporteurs/independent experts that can function as the eyes and ears of the regional human rights machinery and in the detection of early warning signs of potential abuses and rights violations. In addition, the human rights commission “should have a mandate to reduce the risk of human rights abuses, denounce human rights violation and seek States’ accountability on their human rights obligations” with representatives entirely independent of political or governmental control and influence, right through from the process of the selection and appointment of country Representatives to the exercising of its collective mandate to protect human rights.

The Parliamentarians said they would raise the same concerns at the national level in their respective parliaments and with their legislative and executive branches of government to raise support for an strengthening of the mandate of AICHR as well as its independence. The (meeting on the terms of reference) presents a valuable opportunity to identify and set those key goals that will make Asean, and all its individual member states, stronger, more stable, more prosperous and more united, the parliamentarian group said.


Sumber - Asia Sentinel

Hukum Semasa Berkaitan Puasa

Oleh: Dr. Abdul Basit Bin Haji Abdul Rahman

Allah swt telah memfardhukan puasa Ramadhan ke atas umatnya, Allah juga telah mensyariatkan puasa-puasa sunat yang lain selain daripada fardhu ini, serta menjanjikan ganjaran yang sangat besar, yang menjadi idaman bagi setiap orang yang beriman. Sabda Rasulullah saw,

Maksudnya: “Sesiapa yang berpuasa satu hari pada jalan Allah, nescaya Allah akan jauhkan mukanya daripada api neraka sejauh tujuh puluh tahun.” [Muttafaq alaih].

Allah telah meletakkan garis panduan dalam melakukan puasa dan sekali-kali tidak membenarkannya untuk dilanggar. Maka menjadi kewajipan bagi setiap muslim mengetahui dan mempelajarinya untuk menjaga ibadat yang besar ini.

Catatan ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan perkara-perkara yang membatalkan puasa menurut kajian ulama’ semasa.

Menunaikan ibadat puasa dengan sempurna merupakan perkara asas yang perlu diketahui oleh setiap muslim, menjaga puasa dari perkara yang membatalkannya juga tidak kurang pentingnya, oleh itu perbincangan tentang perkara ini adalah perlu untuk menjaga puasa dari terbatal, dan membatalkan puasa dengan perkara yang sebenarnya tidak membatalkannya akan menyempitkan ruang yang telah diperluas-kan oleh Allah swt.

Ayat 185 dari Surah Al-Baqarah adalah salah satu ayat yang telah disebut oleh Allah swt tentang keringanan syariat-Nya,

Maksudnya: "Allah menghendaki kemudahan bagimu, dan tidak menghendaki kesukaran bagimu."

RUKUN PUASA

Rukun puasa ada dua, iaitu:

1) Berniat pada malam harinya. Sabda Nabi saw:

Maksudnya: “Sesiapa yang tidak berazam (berniat) pada waktu malam, maka tidak ada puasa (fardhu) baginya”

2) Imsak, menahan diri dari perkara-perkara yang membatalkan puasa mulai terbit fajar hingga terbenam matahari.


Antara perkara yang patut diberikan fokus mendalam di waktu Ramadhan adalah:-

1) Mencapai Taqwa
Firman Allah yang mengarahkan kita berusaha meraih taqwa di dalam bulan ini. Perbincangan berkenaan kaedah, cara dan cabaran yang boleh menghalang kita mencapai target ini perlu diberikan perhatian lebih.

2) Bulan Ingatan Fungsi Al-Quran
Firman Allah yang menyebut bahawa Al-Quran diturunkan di bulan Ramadhan ini sebagai petunjuk, bukti kebenaran petunjuk dan pembeza di antara haq dan yang batil. Justeru perbincangan berkenaan kemestian umat Islam kembali kepada Al-Quran sebagai satu-satunya formula untuk berjaya sebagai golongan bertaqwa dan selamat dunia akhirat perlu diperhebat.

3) Amaran Terhadap Pengikis Pahala Ramadhan Yang Pasti
Sabda-sabda Nabi saw berkenaan tindakan yang boleh menghapuskan pahala puasa Ramadhan seperti bercakap kotor, nista, carut dan perbuatan jahat dan keji di waktu bulan ini. Ia perlu dipertekankan kerana ia adalah perkara yang disepakati bakal merosakkan pahala puasa seseorang walaupun ia tidak sampai membatalkan zahir puasanya.

4) Kaedah Penambah Pahala & Redha Allah di Bulan Ramadhan Yang Pasti
Sabda-sabda Nabi yang mengandungi janji-janji dan tawaran Allah di bulan ini juga perlu diperluas kepada orang ramai agar semakin ramai yang berpotensi ke Syurga Allah sekaligus melemahkan fungsi Syaitan dan nafsu amarah yang sentiasa ingin mengajak kepada kemaksiatan.

Seseorang yang berpuasa hendak-lah menjaga diri dari melakukan perkara yang merosakkan puasa, demi untuk menjaga kehormatan ibadat yang mulia ini. Antaranya ialah:

1- Menahan nafsu syahwat.
2- Menanggung lapar dan dahaga.
3- Menahan diri dari bersetubuh dengan isteri di siang hari.

Semuanya dilakukan dengan niat ikhlas ibadat kerana Allah. Inilah yang dijelaskan dari al-Quran dan as-sunnah.

Demikian juga menjauhi kata-kata nista, bohong, mengumpat, cercaan dan lain-lain dosa anggota demi kerana Allah. Ia disebut di dalam ayat al-Baqarah: 187 dan disokong oleh hadis-hadis yang banyak.


PERKARA ASAS YANG MEMBATALKAN PUASA

Sebagaimana yang disepakati (Ittifaq) ulama' berdasarkan kepada nas al-Quran, hadis dan ijma’ ialah empat perkara;

1) Makan, 2) Minum, 3) Jima’.

Dalilnya ialah firman Allah swt yang bermaksud:

“...Maka sekarang campurilah mereka (isteri kamu) dan ikutilah apa yang telah ditetapkan Allah untukmu, dan makan minumlah hingga terang bagimu benang putih dari benang hitam, yaitu fajar. Kemudian sempurnakanlah puasa itu sampai (datang) malam...”. [Al-Baqarah:187].

4) Haid dan Nifas.

Dalilnya hadis Abu Said al-Khudri yang bermaksud: Sabda Rasulullah saw,

Maksudnya: “Bukankah perempuan itu apabila mereka haid, tidak bersolat dan tidak berpuasa…”. [Bukhari: 304, Muslim: 79].

Antara perkara yang membatalkan puasa lagi (menurut mazhab asy-Syafie) ialah:

5) Sampai sesuatu (‘ain) ke dalam rongga (al-Jauf) melalui liang yang terbuka.

Maksud ‘ain ialah sesuatu yang dapat dilihat oleh mata.
Maksud al-Jauf ialah otak ataupun apa yang berada di antara bawah halkum hingga ke perut.
Maksud liang terbuka ialah; mulut, telinga, qubul dan dubur, samada lelaki atau perempuan.

Oleh itu setitik air yang masuk melalui telinga membatalkan puasa kerana ia adalah liang yang terbuka. Tetapi setitik air yang masuk ke dalam mata TIDAK membatalkan puasa kerana ia adalah liang yang tidak terbuka.

Suntikan di lubang dubur membatal-kan puasa kerana ia adalah liang yang terbuka. Suntikan pada urat TIDAK membatalkan puasa kerana urat adalah liang yang tidak terbuka. Begitulah seterusnya.

Semuanya ini disyaratkan dilakukan dengan sengaja, qiyas kepada makan dan minum.

Sekiranya lalat atau nyamuk, atau debu jalan masuk ke dalam al-Jauf, maka puasa TIDAK batal. Ini kerana untuk menghindarinya adalah tersangat susah (masyaqqah). Begitu juga dengan menelan air liur. Tetapi jika ia menelan air liur yang bernajis seperti gusi yang luka, walaupun air liur itu jernih dan dia tidak membersihkan mulutnya, maka puasanya batal.

Sekiranya dia berkumur atau memasukkan air ke dalam hidung dan air itu termasuk ke dalam jauf-nya maka ia tidak batal, kecuali ia melampau.

Sekiranya terdapat sisa makanan dicelah-celah giginya lalu ia digerakkan oleh air liurnya tanpa sengaja lalu masuk ke dalam perutnya, maka puasanya TIDAK batal.

Sekiranya ia dipaksa untuk makan atau minum, puasanya juga TIDAK batal.

6) Muntah dengan sengaja.
Muntah yang disengajakan membatalkan puasa seseorang, sekalipun dia pasti tiada apa-apa daripada muntahan tersebut masuk semula ke dalam perutnya. Akan tetapi, puasa tidak batal sekiranya tiada upaya menahan muntahnya.

7) Mengeluarkan mani.
Air mani keluar samada dengan perbuatan berkucup dan seumpamanya atau dengan tangan (onani). Apabila seseorang berbuat demikian dengan sengaja puasanya batal. Jika tidak disengajakan dan tidak dapat menahan maninya keluar puasanya tidak batal.

8) Gila dan Murtad (wal’iyazubillah).
Kedua-dua perkara tersebut juga menghalang daripada puasa. Ini kerana orang yang berpuasa dalam keadaan itu telah terkeluar daripada kelayakan beribadat. [Lihat: Al-Fiqh al-Manhaji].


Untuk mengetahui fatwa semasa mengenai perkara ini, di bawah ini dikemukakan Keputusan Persidangan Fiqh Antarabangsa (al-Majma’ al-Fiqhi al-Islami) [No. 93 (1/10) pada 23-28 Safar tahun 1418H bersamaan 28 Jun – 3 Julai 1997] Mengenai Perkara-perkara Yang Tidak Membatalkan Puasa.

A- Keputusannya (Qarar) Seperti Berikut:

1- Ubat titis mata, titis telinga dan basuh telinga. Ubat titis hidung atau semburan hidung, dengan syarat tidak menelan apa yang sampai ke halkum.

2- Ubat tablet bawah lidah yang digunakan oleh pesakit Angina (Jantung) dengan syarat tidak menelan apa yang sampai ke halkum.

3- Memasukkan ubat melalui faraj, memasukan alat perubatan, membasuh, spekulum dan jari doktor atau bidan semasa pemeriksaan vagina (sebelum bersalin).

4- Memasukkan teropong ke dalam salur peranakan/rahim atau alat kedalamnya.(Contoh:alat pencegah kehamilan - IUCD)

5- Memasukkan teropong ke salur kencing lelaki atau perempuan untuk penyediaan x-ray atau lainnya.

6- Menampal, mencabut, mengorek dan mencuci gigi atau menggunakan alatan dan berus gigi, dengan syarat TIADA apa-apa bahan yang memasuki perut dari prosedur tersebut.

7- Membasuh mulut, berkumur atau semburan mulut, dengan syarat tiada bahan masuk kedalam perut. dengan syarat tidak menelan apa yang sampai ke halkum.

8- Suntikan melalui kulit, otot, sendi atau pembuluh darah, KECUALI memberi makanan melalui pembuluh darah (seperti: glukos yang mengenyangkan).

9- Oksigen dan Gas Bius.

10- Bius menggunakan gas, bukan menggunakan cecair yang mengenyangkan.

11- Semua jenis bahan yang boleh menyerap ke dalam badan melalui kulit seperti krim, jelly atau plaster berubat.

12- Sesalur dan bahan perantara untuk arteriografi (pemeriksaan x-ray khas jantung) atau organ lain.

13- Teropong dalam rongga perut (endoskopi) untuk mencari punca penyakit.

14- Mengambil tisu (biopsi) hati atau organ lain untuk ujian makmal.

15- Teropong perut, dengan syarat tidak memasukkan apa-apa bahan cecair atau bahan seumpamanya.

16- Memasukkan ubat atau alat ke dalam otak.

17- Muntah secara tidak sengaja.

B- Jika tidak memberi mudarat, para doktor muslim hendaklah menasihati pesakit untuk menangguhkan dulu rawatan yang meragui sehingga selesai puasa.

Tambahan dari Keputusan Seminar Fiqh Perubatan ke 9 yang diadakan di Casablanca, Morroco, 8-11 Safar 1418/14-17 Jun 1997. Pendapat majoriti peserta menambah perkara berikut juga TIDAK MEMBATALKAN PUASA:

1- Suntikan ke dalam dubur, teropong dan pemeriksaan digital ke dalam dubur.

2- Pembedahan yeng melibatkan bius sepenuhnya jika pesakit mengambil keputusan (berniat) untuk berpuasa pada malamnya.

3- Mesin atau dialisis buah pinggang melalui perut.


Penutup

Akhirnya, sentiasalah menjaga kesempurnaan ibadat puasa dari perkara-perkara yang membatal dan merosakkan amalan yang suci ini, semoga amalan kita diterima oleh Allah.


Sumber - abuanasmadani.com

Muat turun atau baca risalah asal (format pdf) di pautan berikut,
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0U9i7Mc59j-QW9ENUlOcFd0Vms/edit?pli=1

Opinion: Poverty Eradication Goals are 'a Cruel Joke'

Written by Indu Bhushan

The US$1.25 per day goal is already mostly met across Asia

The 2015 development agenda is leaning toward a goal of eradicating absolute poverty by 2030. The World Bank’s recently approved corporate strategy has the same goal. However, this target is absolutely meaningless for the Asia and Pacific region.

How do we define the eradication of absolute poverty? According to the prevailing characterization, reducing the proportion of people living under $1.25 per capita to less than 3 percent qualifies as reaching the goal. I am not sure if we need to wait for 16 years to achieve this.

Declining poverty

In the Asia and Pacific region, 18.3 percent of people lived under $1.25 per capita in 2010. By 2020, this proportion is likely to decline to less than 5 percent. The number will further reduce to below 3 percent by 2023. Most countries in the region, individually, are likely to achieve this goal well before 2030, even if they do not undertake any special action. Does it make sense to shoot for a goal that we know will be achieved without stretching ourselves?

My main problem, however, is with the definition of absolute poverty. Does $1.25 per capita allow the minimum quality of life and basic necessities and human dignity that people in our region aspire to?

Indeed, countries in our region have poverty lines which are much higher than $1.25. Central Asian countries have poverty lines around $5 per capita, Pacific countries have poverty lines around $3 to $4 per capita. Even in South Asia, where poverty is endemic, all countries have poverty lines above $1.25. Even in these countries, most people believe that these poverty lines (well above $1.25) are too low.

I want to share an interesting experiment undertaken by two 26 year-old men―Tushar and Matt―in India recently. One graduated from University of Pennsylvania and the other from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Both came back to India and decided to understand their country by trying to live as a “poor” person does. They undertook an experiment which would change their thinking about poverty forever.

They decided to live on 26 rupees per day (almost equivalent to $1.25 in purchasing power parity terms) in rural areas. They moved to Matt’s ancestral village, Karucachal, in Kerala. Their experiment allowed only 60 percent of their “income” to be spent on food.

Trying to live on $1.25 a day

They discovered it was impossible to get a balanced meal on 18 rupees per day. They could not afford any meat or dairy products and had to survive on parboiled rice, tuber, and banana. Eating out, even at roadside places, was out of the question. So was taking any paid transport. They walked long distances, saved money even on soap to wash their clothes. They could not afford communication by mobile phone or internet. They were lucky that they did not fall sick, or else they would have been forced to prematurely halt their experiment.

They learned that $1.25 a day is not enough to survive on for the long term, let alone to provide disposable resources for any contingency. Since this income did not provide any cushion for investing in themselves, they were condemned to be poor forever. This poverty line did not allow them even a modest dream.

In the Philippines, the $1.25 per capita poverty line translates into about 35 pesos per day. Just imagine trying to live on that income, paying for housing, transport, food, clothes, utilities, health, and education.

We need to recalibrate the poverty line to a level that is adequate for leading a life with dignity, and which provides disposable resources for self-development, allowing individuals to make a better future for themselves and their children. Also, it should leave enough savings for a rainy day.

When I asked my senior colleague and friend Juan Miranda, managing director general at the Asian Development Bank, what he thinks about the $1.25 per capita figure, he responded without batting an eyelid. “It is a joke! A cruel joke to believe that such a low number can support a dignified life.”

Indu Bhushan is Deputy Director General of the Strategy and Policy Department at the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This article was first published by the ADB Development Blog


Sumber - Asia Sentinel

Kos jenayah rentas sempadan meningkat USD870 bilion tahun 2011

JERUDONG, Selasa, 24 Jun. - Kos jenayah merentas sempadan yang telah meningkat sebanyak USD870 bilion pada tahun 2011, adalah perolehan daripada aktiviti-aktiviti haram rangkaian jenayah terancang yang juga mempunyai jumlah yang besar  setanding dengan 1.5 peratus daripada Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) global atau tujuh peratus daripada eksport dunia bagi barangan.

Demikian jelas Menteri Tenaga di Pejabat Perdana Menteri (JPM), Yang Berhormat Pehin Datu Singamanteri Kolonel (B) Dato Seri Paduka Dr. Awang Haji Mohammad Yasmin bin Haji Umar semasa merasmikan Mesyuarat Pegawai-Pegawai Kanan Mengenai Jenayah Rentas Sempadan (SOMTC) dan Mesyuarat Yang Berkaitan Ke-14.

Yang Berhormat juga menyebut mengenai perspektif tentang bagaimana SOMTC boleh menguatkan tindakan kolektif ASEAN terhadap jenayah merentas sempadan.

Pertama, untuk menghapuskan ‘red-tape’,  tegas Yang Berhormat, ASEAN mempunyai hubungan yang kuat dan kepercayaan dalam kalangan negara anggotanya untuk menghapuskan birokrasi yang tidak perlu.

Perkongsian, operasi bersama, usaha penyelarasan dan usaha antara rantau dicapai setakat ini perlu dipertingkatkan supaya lebih cekap untuk memastikan bahawa rantau ini tidak menjadi tempat selamat untuk rangkaian jenayah terancang atau hab kewangan haram.

Beliau juga memberi jaminan bahawa negara anggota ASEAN perlu bekerjasama, bukan sahaja secara dua hala antara kedua-dua buah negara tetapi juga di pelbagai peringkat yang melibatkan beberapa negara, bekerja secara serentak dan mengendalikan  dengan cara yang baik.

Perkara kedua, katanya ialah menekankan keperluan untuk meletakkan penekanan yang kuat terhadap pembinaan keupayaan terutama untuk kakitangan barisan hadapan dan penyiasat dan penggunaan teknologi, memanfaatkan ‘inparts’ terhadap keupayaan rakan dialog antarabangsa.

Pada masa ini, SOMTC harus melihat ke hadapan bagi kemungkinan menubuhkan Pusat Latihan Serantau Untuk Siasatan yang akan menyediakan kursus-kursus mengenai amalan terbaik, penggunaan data yang dikongsi dan yang paling penting mengenai penggunaan keadaan teknologi seni untuk memerangi jenayah.

Secara peribadi, Yang Berhormat percaya bahawa dengan mengamalkan teknologi yang betul adalah penting untuk mencapai kejayaan dalam perjuangan dan keupayaan bagi langkah-langkah lebih awal daripada rangkaian jenayah global dan organisasi yang mengancam setiap negara.

Menteri Tenaga di Jabatan Perdana Menteri, YB Pehin Datu Singamanteri Kolonel (B) Dato Seri Paduka
Dr. Awang Haji Mohammad Yasmin bin Haji Umar bergambar ramai pada Mesyuarat Pegawai-Pegawai
Kanan Mengenai Jenayah Rentas Sempadan (SOMTC) dan Mesyuarat Yang Berkaitan Ke-14

“Dalam SOMTC ini perkongsian ASEAN perlu dipupuk dengan rakan dialog dan seharusnya menambah ‘leverage’ dengan keupayaan masing-masing untuk menghapuskan ancaman jenayah rentas sempadan,” tegasnya.

Perkara ketiga, tambah Yang Berhormat ialah memastikan agar usaha Program Kerja yang mempunyai mekanisme ini dipastikan tepat masa pelaksanaannya bagi mengetahui keputusan akhir penilaiannya.

Beliau menegaskan bahawa sepatutnya tidak ada apa-apa aktiviti yang bertindih dan duplikasi dengan mereka yang mengendalikan mesyuarat ASEAN lainnya, bahkan bukan sahaja mahal dikendalikan akan tetapi sumber manusia tidak perlu turut terbabit.

Yang Berhormat penuh percaya bahawa komunikasi yang berkesan adalah inti pati untuk menguruskan kegiatan secara keseluruhan dengan lebih baik dan keupayaan untuk mencapai keputusan yang sama dengan mesyuarat yang singkat atau kurang keupayaan.

“Mesyuarat ASEAN perlu diberi mandat untuk memberi laporan aktivitinya kepada mesyuarat ASEAN lainnya dan sebaliknya supaya kerja-kerja mereka tidak diulang semua. Akhirnya, ASEAN hanya boleh mendapat manfaat daripada penyelarasan itu dan penyelarasan kolektif,” tambahnya.

Ini adalah kali kedua Negara Brunei Darussalam menjadi tuan rumah SOMTC, kali pertama pada September 2004 bagi SOMTC Ke-4. SOMTC 14 kali ini dipengerusikan oleh Setiausaha Tetap JPM, Dato Paduka Awang Haji Hamdan bin Haji Abu Bakar.

Mesyuarat dihadiri oleh pegawai-pegawai kanan daripada kementerian yang berkaitan daripada semua negara anggota ASEAN yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyelia jenayah rentas negara dan isu-isu yang berkaitan, yang bertindak sebagai platform bagi kerjasama dalam menangani cabaran tersebut.

SOMTC ini diadakan sekali pada tiap tahun untuk membincangkan dan memantau pelaksanaan dan penyelarasan dasar dan rancangan yang diterima pakai oleh Mesyuarat Menteri-Menteri ASEAN Mengenai Jenayah Transnasional (AMMTC) dengan objektif asas meningkatkan kerjasama dalam memerangi jenayah rentas sempadan dan mengatasi cabaran rentas sempadan yang dibangkitkan.

Bagi memudahkan penyelarasan dan kerjasama yang lebih baik, kumpulan pakar telah ditubuhkan di bawah bidang kuasa SOMTC ini dengan fokus kepada lapan bidang jenayah rentas sempadan iaitu keganasan, pengedaran dadah haram, perdagangan manusia, jenayah siber, pengubahan wang haram, penyeludupan senjata, lanun dan jenayah ekonomi antarabangsa.

SOMTC dengan bantuan daripada Sekretariat ASEAN diberikan mandat untuk merapatkan lagi hubungan kerjasama dengan Rakan Dialog, negara-negara lain, organisasi serantau dan antarabangsa bagi mengiktiraf kesefahaman bahawa jenayah rentas negara merupakan kebimbangan bagi serantau dan antarabangsa.

SOMTC ini juga ditugaskan untuk menggalakkan kerjasama dan penyelarasan dengan badan-badan ASEAN lain yang berurusan dengan jenayah rentas sempadan seperti Pegawai Kanan ASEAN Mengenai Perkara-Perkara Dadah (ASOD), Ketua-Ketua Polis Negara ASEAN (ASEANAPOL), Ketua Pengarah Kastam ASEAN dan Ketua Pengarah Imigresen ASEAN dan Ketua-Ketua Hal Ehwal Konsular Kementerian Luar Negeri (DGICM).

Majlis turut dihadiri oleh para perwakilan negara-negara asing, wakil-wakil Pemerintah Angkatan Bersenjata Diraja Brunei (ABDB) dan Pesuruhjaya Polis Diraja Brunei.


Sumber - Pelita Brunei

Projek Jejak Ehsan HAWA bantu balu

Oleh Hajah Saemah Zulkefli

BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, 22 Jun – Kesempitan hidup seorang balu bersama anak gadisnya sehingga terpaksa tinggal di dalam sebuah pondok yang daif menarik perhatian Himpunan Wanita Parti Pembangunan Bangsa (HAWA NDP) untuk mengunjunginya dan menghulurkan sedikit bantuan hari ini.

Dayang Norhayati Liman Abdullah, 48, mendakwa sudah tinggal di dalam pondok buruk itu sejak tiga bulan yang lalu setelah terpaksa berpindah daripada rumah tumpangannya sebelum ini di Kampung Pulaie.

Wanita mualaf warga Malaysia itu terpaksa membina pondok daripada bahan buangan zink dan kayu hanya untuk berteduh daripada hujan dan panas dan meminta belas ihsan menumpang di atas tanah di belakang sebuah rumah perumahan di RPN Kampung Rimba bersama anak perempuannya berusia 19 tahun yang merupakan warga tempatan.

Kunjungan rombongan HAWA NDP melalui Projek Jejak Ehsan, ke pondok Dayang Norhayati dan anaknya telah diketuai oleh Ketua Himpunan Wanita Pusat NDP, disertai sama oleh timbalannya, Dayang Kartini binti Abdul Manap serta ahli-ahli Exco lainnya dari keempat-empat daerah, dan turut sama ialah Ketua Biro Pendidikan, Dayang Dr Hajah Ra’yah binti Haji Mohd Ali.

HAWA NDP melalui projek Jejak Ehsan mengunjungi balu yang tinggal
dalam pondok yang berkeadaan sangat daif di Kampung Rimba Gadong

Suami Dayang Norhayati, juga seorang mualaf warga tempatan telah meninggal dunia 17 tahun lalu meninggalkan tiga orang anak bersama iaitu dua lelaki dan seorang perempuan, kedua-dua anak lelaki mereka yang masing-masing berusia 27 dan 21 tahun pada masa ini belum mempunyai pekerjaan tetap dan terpaksa tinggal menumpang di rumah kawan memandangkan keadaan pondok tempat ibu dan adik mereka tinggal pada masa ini yang terlalu sempit, hanya mempunyai satu ruang amat kecil sebagai tempat tidur, dan juga tempat memasak.

Menurut Dayang Norhayati, anak perempuannya, menerima bantuan sejumlah $250 sebulan daripada JAPEM sejak enam bulan yang lalu, tetapi akan berakhir pada bulan September ini, beliau juga mendakwa kerana kesempitan hidup, mereka kadang-kadang terpaksa menahan lapar kerana tiada keupayaan membeli barang makan, malah anak-anak lelakinya yang hanya mengharapkan gaji daripada kerja sambilan turut tidak cukup membantu menampung kehidupan mereka.

“Anak lelaki sulung saya, hanya bersekolah sehingga Darjah 6, manakala anak lelaki kedua sehingga tingkatan dua dan anak perempuan saya sehingga tingkatan lima, dan sudah berusaha mencari pekerjaan tetapi belum ada nasib menyebelahinya,” katanya.

Dayang Norhayati berharap anak-anaknya mendapat pekerjaan dan mungkin mereka mampu menyewa biarpun rumah yang kecil supaya dapat mereka tinggal bersama-sama, dan ingin segera berpindah daripada pondok kediaman mereka pada masa ini yang terletak di Jalan 60 Kampung Perpindahan Rimba Gadong. Kadang-kadang mereka juga menerima bantuan belas ihsan daripada orang ramai yang mengetahui akan keadaan mereka.


Sumber - Media Permata

Ucapan Dasar Presiden NDP di Kongres Agung Tahunan ke-9 2014

Baca atau muat turun teks penuh ucapan (format pdf) di pautan berikut,
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0U9i7Mc59j-VHFEdTdieHVxNkE/edit?usp=sharing

NDP sokong Perintah Kanun Syari’ah

Oleh Hajah Saemah Zulkefli

BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, 15 Jun – Parti Pembangunan Bangsa (NDP) mewakili seluruh anggotanya amat bersetuju dan menyokong penuh pengisytiharan Perintah Kanun Hukuman Jenayah Syari’ah 2013 di Negara Brunei Darussalam yang telah berkuat kuasa pada bulan Mei lalu, dan justeru itu Kongres Agung Tahunan NDP ke-9 tahun ini membawa tema “NDP Menyokong Pelaksanaan Kanun Jenayah Syari’ah.”

Perkara tersebut antara yang telah ditekankan dalam ucapan perasmian, Presiden NDP, Awang Haji Mahmud Morshidi bin Othman selaku tetamu kehormat pada Majlis Pelancaran Kongres Agung Tahunan NDP ke-9 Tahun 2014 yang berlangsung di Tingkat 4 Bangunan Persekutuan Pengakap Negara Brunei Darussalam Gadong dekat sini, hari ini.

Beliau menambah, biarpun segala bentuk kecaman dan tekanan ia tidak seharusnya melemahkan semangat kita dalam mencari keredhaan Allah, dan menekankan bahawa beliau yakin keputusan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam untuk melaksanakan Kanun Jenayah Syari’ah adalah bertepatan dengan Firman Allah Swt yang bermaksud “Dan di antara orang-orang yang kami ciptakan, ada satu umat yang memberi petunjuk dengan kebenaran, dan dengannya mereka menjalankan keadilan”.

Presiden NDP Awg Mahmud Morshidi Othman semasa
menyampaikan ucapan perasmian Kongres Agung ke-9 NDP 2014

Selain itu beliau menyentuh Hadis Rasulullah SAW yang bermaksud “Akan sentiasa ada dari umatku ummah yang berdiri tegak di atas perintah Allah, tidak memudaratkan orang-orang yang menghinakan mereka, juga orang yang menentang mereka sehingga tiba urusan Allah dan mereka tetap dalam keadaan demikian (tidak berubah).” Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim).

Beliau dalam memulakan ucapan turut menekankan bahawa Kongres Agung Tahunan NDP adalah wadah bagi seluruh anggota ahlinya membaharui ikrar taat setia yang tidak berbelah bahagi dan kecintaan yang setulusnya Kehadapan Majlis Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Muizzaddin Waddaulah, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan dan Ulil Amri bagi Negara Brunei Darussalam.

Kongres berkenaan, tambahnya, juga adalah wadah bagi semua anggotanya membaharui ikrar yang dimaktubkan di dalam Perlembagaan Parti iaitu untuk menyokong dan membantu Baginda dan Kerajaan Baginda dan memberikan makna sebenar kepada falsafah negara Melayu Islam Beraja di dalam kehidupan bernegara.

Lebih 200 ahli pertubuhan parti politik itu telah menghadiri majlis berkenaan yang telah dimulakan dengan perarakan masuk pengerusi tetap berserta dengan alat-alat kebesaran kongres diiringi oleh presiden, timbalan presiden dan ahli-ahli majlis tertinggi pertubuhan tersebut.


Sumber - Media Permata